Introduction: Scientific evidence based practice (SEBP) is defined as a process whose objective is the selection of the best scientific arguments to solve the problems occurring in the clinical practice. This study has aimed to evaluate the current status of the investigation and the principal barriers existing for the Columbian physiotherapists to incorporate SEBP. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, multicenter and descriptive study was performed in 221 Colombian physiotherapists with no previous training in SEBP. An 18-item survey divided into 3 differentiated sections was applied. These sections were: 1) degree information, 2) application of SEBP and 3) areas and lines of professional and investigational work. In addition, sociodemographic information data were collected. Results: Average age was 26.6. ±. 6.1 years; 76% of those surveyed had a professional degree and only 3.2% a master\'s degree. A total of 43.4% of those surveyed looked for information in primary and secondary sources while 28.5% stated they never did so. Searcy was performed in Altavista, Google, Hotbot, Lycos by 55.7% and only 13% used Tesauros. 48.9% stated they had carried out descriptive type studies, 10.4% experimental and 3.2% case-controls. Of those surveyed, 10.9% developed projected in critical care, 7.2% in articular disease and 4.5% in neurological disorder. Conclusion: This study confirms the scarce scientific activity and barriers that limit including SEPB in physiotherapy professionals in Colombia. Multiple strategies of change will be necessary to facilitate the inclusion of activities aimed at the improvement of professional expertise in this material. © 2012 Asociación Española de Fisioterapeutas.
Fisioterapia
Hypertension is a chronic disease with global prevalence and incidence rapidly increasing in low and medium income countries. The surveillance of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, is a global health priority in order to estimate the burden and trends, to appropriately direct resources, and to measure the effect of interventions. We propose here that the adoption of Western lifestyles in low and middle incomes countries has dramatically increased the prevalence of abdominal obesity, which is the main source of proinflammatory cytokines, and that the vascular systemic inflammation produced by adipose tissue contributes to the development of hypertension. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines is higher in the Latin American population than that reported in developed countries, suggesting a higher susceptibility to develop systemic low-degree inflammation at a given level of abdominal obesity. These particularities are important to be considered when planning resources for health care programs. Moreover, studying these singularities may provide a better understanding of the causes of the burden of cardiovascular risk factors and the remarkable variability in the prevalence of these medical conditions within and between countries. © 2013 Patricio López-Jaramillo et al.
International Journal of Hypertension
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the median nerve glide for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Search methods: A systematic review of the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PEDro data bases was conducted. The search included randomized, controlled trials with adult patients diagnosed of carpal tunnel syndrome. Studies published from January 2000 to February 2012 were included. Results of the search: Thirteen articles were located and reviewed. Finally, 6 studies that met the inclusion criteria of this study were analyzed. The neural glide techniques, conservative treatments (ultrasound, paraffin, tendon glide) and splinting were compared. Conclusions: There is moderate evidence supporting the use of median nerve glide techniques for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. © 2012 Asociación Española de Fisioterapeutas.
Fisioterapia
Background. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been shown to have important benefits in individuals at high cardiovascular risk. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of aged garlic extract (AGE) on the risk factors that constitute the cluster of metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods and Design. Double-blind, crossover, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of 1.2 g/day of AGE (Kyolic), for 24 weeks of treatment (12 weeks of AGE and 12 weeks of placebo), on subjects with MS. Results. The administration of AGE increased the plasma levels of adiponectin (P=0.027). No serious side effects associated with the intervention were reported. Conclusion. The present results have shown for the first time that the administration of AGE for 12 weeks increased plasma adiponectin levels in patients with MS. This suggests that AGE might be a useful, novel, nonpharmacological therapeutic intervention to increase adiponectin and to prevent cardiovascular (CV) complications in individuals with MS. © 2013 Diego Gómez-Arbeláez et al.
Mediators of Inflammation
Objectives: to determine the association between the social participation of the children with disabilities and the satisfaction of their parents with it. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted in eighty 5 to 13 years-old children (9±2.7 years) with disabilities, who lived in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga and conveniently selected. The life-habit scale assessment was used. Spearman\'s correlation coefficient was estimated (p). Results: the global scoring of social participation was 6±2.3 and of the satisfaction of the parents with their children\'s social participation was 3.6±0.7. The habit with the highest correlation coefficient was communication (p= 0.83) and that with the lowest coefficient was personal relationships (p= 0.44). In the global scoring, very good correlation was found between the social participation and the satisfaction of the parents with this participation (p= 0.82) Conclusions: at the time of putting forward objectives and treatments, both the social participation and the satisfaction of parents with it should be taken into consideration jointly rather than separately.
Revista Cubana de Pediatria
Chemical insecticides can be toxic and cause environmental degradation. Therefore, biological control of insects represents an alternative of low ecological impact. Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium that produces parasporal crystals of a proteic nature, formed by delta endotoxins that are toxic to a large number of insects and are biodegradable and innocuous to other species. In the present work 13 native strains of B. thuringiensis were isolated from soil samples and identified by selective methods and the BBL CRYSTAL method. In the molecular characterization utilizing specific primers for the identification of cry1, cry2, cry3 y cry4 genes, eight isolates presented the cry3 gene and two presented the cry2 gene. These two latter isolates were used in a bioassay on Aedes aegypti larvae to determine their toxic effect, showing that the preliminary toxicity essay of the BtUDES2 isolate presented a lethality of 56.67%. When determining the lethal concentration of this same isolate, an average lethal concentration of 11.4333ng·ml-1 and a total lethal concentration of 17.1542ng·ml-1 were found.
Interciencia
The recent Latin American and European guidelines published this year has proposed as a goal for blood pressure control in patients with diabetes type 2 a value similar or inferior to 140/90 mmHg. High blood pressure is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and deaths globally. Although once hypertension is detected, 80% of individuals are on a pharmacologic therapy only a minority is controlled. Diabetes also is a risk factor for other serious chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Whether specifically targeting lower fasting glucose levels can reduce cardiovascular outcomes remains unknown. Hypertension is present in 20% to 60% of patients with type 2 diabetes, depending on age, ethnicity, obesity, and the presence of micro or macro albuminuria. High blood pressure substantially increases the risk of both macro and micro vascular complications, doubling the risk of all-cause mortality and stroke, tripling the risk of coronary heart disease and significantly hastening the progression of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Thus, blood pressure lowering is a major priority in preventing cardiovascular and renal events in patients with diabetes and hypertension. During many years the BP goals recommended in patients with diabetes were more aggressive than in patients without diabetes. As reviewed in this article many clinical trials have demonstrated not only the lack of benefits of lowering the BP below 130/80 mmHg, but also the J-shaped relationship in DM patients. Overall we discuss the importance of define the group of patients in whom significant BP reduction could be particularly dangerous and, on the other hand, those with a high risk of stroke who could benefit most from an intensive hypotensive therapy. In any case, the big challenge now is avoid the therapeutic inertia (leaving diabetic patients with BP values of 140/90 mmHg or higher) at all costs, as this would lead to an unacceptable toll in terms of human lives, suffering, and socioeconomic costs. © 2014 Lopez-Jaramillo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome
The present document has been prepared by a group of experts, members of Cardiology, Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Diabetes societies of Latin American countries, to serve as a guide to physicians taking care of patients with diabetes, hypertension and comorbidities or complications of both conditions. Although the concept of metabolic syndrome is currently disputed, the higher prevalence in Latin America of that cluster of metabolic alterations has suggested that metabolic syndrome is useful nosography entity in the context of Latin American medicine. Therefore, in the present document, particular attention is paid to this syndrome in order to alert physicians on a particular high- risk population, usually underestimated and undertreated. These recommendations results from presentation and debates by discussion panels during a 2-day conference held in Bucaramanga, in October 2012, and all the participants have approved the final conclusions. The authors acknowledge that the publication and diffusion of guidelines do not suffice to achieve the recommended changes in diagnostic or therapeutic strategies, and plan suitable interventions overcoming both physicians and patients from effectively adhering to guideline recommendations. © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L. y SEA.
Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis
The underlying mechanisms that lead to syncope are still unclear, especially in children. In this work, we applied a novel point-process model to study timevarying heartbeat dynamics and to characterize autonomic changes that occur prior to a syncopal event. Twentysix children with history compatible with neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) and a positive head up tilt table test (HUT) were included in the study. ECG and blood pressure signals were recorded during rest and the diagnostic HUT. Using self-developed software, a decrease of > 30% of the median systolic blood pressure during HUT compared to rest was selected as the onset of the syncopal event. After ECG peak detection and correction of ectopic beats, we modeled the time between R-wave events as a history dependent inverse Gaussian (IG) and applied the pointprocess framework to compute several measures related with HRV. We tested for significant changes in these measures for three consecutive two-minute time intervals previous to the syncopal event. Of all measures, only the mean of the heart rate probability density function, μHR, and the scale parameter of the IG probability density function, ζ0(t), presented a statistically significant increase prior to syncope, providing novel features associated with the statistical properties of heartbeat generation that could be critical to predict and explain the occurrence of syncope.
Computing in Cardiology
Revista Colombiana de Cardiologia
Objective: to assess the test-retest reliability and level of agreement between measures of the 30 second (30-s) Arm Curl and 30-s Chair Stand test in a sample of older adults from Bucaramanga. Materials and methods: a study of evaluation of diagnostic technology was done. Both tests were administered by the same evaluator to 111 adults older than 59 year-old (70,4 ± 7,3), on two occasions, with an interval of time between measures of 4 to 8 days. In the analysis, test-retest reliability was determined using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ICC= 2,1 with their confidence interval 95% (95%IC) respective. The agreement level was established by the Bland and Altman method. Results: the test-retest reproducibility of the 30-s Arm Curl test was very good ICC= 0,88 and to the Chair Stand test was good ICC= 0,78. The agreement was very good for both tests of muscle endurance. The 95% limits of agreement were between -3,8 and 3,2 stands to 30-s Chair Stand test and between -3,1 and 2,8 curls to 30-s Arm Curl test. Conclusion: the 30-s Arm Curl and 30-s Chair Stand test have good reliability and agreement to assess muscle endurance in older adults functionally independent.
Revista Ciencias de la Salud
The Staphylococcus spp. they can cause a wide range of infections systemic and located in community and hospital patients. Its high pathogenicity and growing resistance to multiple antimicrobials including methicillin, causes high morbiditymortality rates, causing a high epidemiological impact. Objective: to determine the phenotypic profile of resistance to different antimicrobials in strains of the genus Staphylococcus spp. Materials and methods: collected 75 strains and determined them susceptibility to different antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer method. The production of betalactamase check using the nitrocefin test. (Resistance to Methicillin in S. aureus was conducted using Mueller Hinton with 4% NaCl and oxacillin 6 μg/mL). Inducible clindamycin resistance tamizo by D-Test test. Results: they were isolated by 38% of staphylococcus coagulase negative (SNA) and 62% of S. aureus. 53% were penicillin resistant staphylococci: S. aureus with 58% and 42% SNA. 47% of the strains showed resistance to methicillin: S. aureus with 61% and SNA with 39%. A strain of S. aureus showed inducible resistance to clindamycin (1.33%). Coagulase negative staphylococci were isolated mostly from blood samples (31%), blood (29%), tip of catheter (5%) and came mostly from neonatal ICU (25%), medical (21%) and surgery (16%). Conclusions: S. aureus and SNA were isolated with greater frequency in blood and wounds from surgery and neonatal ICU. The predominant resistance phenotypes were penicillin and oxacillin.
Revista Ciencias de la Salud
Colombia Medica
Virchows Archiv
Convection is a key phenomenon found in different atmospheric and industrial applications. This work presents the numerical simulation of flow in a cavity which has been heated on one wall, in laminar regime, with Rayleigh numbers (Ra) of 103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106 and a Prandtl number of Pr = 0.7, through the lattice Boltzmann equation method -LBE. This technique has proven to be very efficient and powerful in computational fluid dynamics -CFD- (Y. W. Know, 2006). The flow velocity is calculated based on the use of density distribution function in the model D2Q9 -, with two dimensions and nine velocities. Temperature readings are obtained through the model D2T5 -, with two dimensions and five temperatures. The new thermal model used showed to be stable, and the results are highly accurate compared to the experimental and numerical results obtained through other CFD methods.
Ingenieria y Universidad
Primary or secondary neoplasms can affect the heart. Secondary are more common. However, primary neoplasms are relevant because is a group with diverse genesis, behavior, treatment and clinical manifestations. We present a case of a 45 year-old woman, with recurrent syncope started 1 year before her first consult. She had palpitations and chest pain. Echocardiography identified a left atrium mass of 2.1 x 1.8 cm. Endomyocardial biopsy document a primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart. The patient dies after a overall-survival of 22 months. This case presented had a good study of its symptoms with an accurate diagnosis and early treatment, which provided prolonged survival of this rare and aggressive neoplasm.
Archivos de Cardiologia de Mexico
Parathyroid carcinoma is unusual and its intrathyroidal variant is extremely rare. Therefore, few cases have been reported to describe a case of parathyroid carcinoma located inside the thyroid gland. The case corresponds to a 14-year-old girl who came to the office with a severe osteoarticular disease, depression, calcemia of 14.3 mg/dl and parathyroid hormone of 2,792 pg/ml. Right neck exploration was conducted and a parathyroid carcinoma was found located intrathyroidally. A right thyroid lobectomy was performed. A 20-month follow-up period revealed no recurrence of clinical or biochemical signs. In patients with severe hypercalcemia and significant elevation of parathyroid hormone, the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma has to be considered. It is worth highlighting the early age of presentation in this case. Treatment has allowed the effective control of the disease and its recommended long-term follow-up. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.
Pediatric Surgery International
Studies on the ontogeny of the strobilus, sporangium and reproductive biology of this group of ferns are scarce. Here we describe the ontogeny of the strobilus and sporangia, and the process of sporogenesis using specimens of E. giganteum from Colombia collected along the Rio Frio, Distrito de Sevilla, Piedecuesta, Santander, at 2 200m altitude. The strobili in different stages of development were fixed, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned using a rotatory microtome and stained with the safraninO and fast green technique. Observations were made using differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) or Nomarski microscopy, an optical microscopy illumination technique that enhances the contrast in unstained, transparent. Strobili arise and begin to develop in the apical meristems of the main axis and lateral branches, with no significant differences in the ontogeny of strobili of one or other axis. Successive processes of cell division and differentiation lead to the growth of the strobilus and the formation of sporangiophores. These are formed by the scutellum, the manubrium or pedicel-like, basal part of the sporangiophore, and initial cells of sporangium, which differentiate to form the sporangium wall, the sporocytes and the tapetum. There is not formation of a characteristic arquesporium, as sporocytes quickly undergo meiosis originating tetrads of spores. The tapetum retains its histological integrity, but subsequently the cell walls break down and form a plasmodium that invades the sporangial cavity, partially surrounding the tetrads, and then the spores. Towards the end of the sporogenesis the tapetum disintegrates leaving spores with elaters free within the sporangial cavity. Two layers finally form the sporangium wall: the sporangium wall itself, with thickened, lignified cell walls and an underlying pyknotic layer. The mature spores are chlorofilous, morphologically similar and have exospore, a thin perispore and two elaters. This study of the ontogeny of the spore-producing structures and spores is the first contribution of this type for a tropical species of the genus. Fluorescence microscopy indicates that elaters and the wall of the sporangium are autofluorescent, while other structures induced fluorescence emitted by the fluorescent dye safranin O. The results were also discussed in relation to what is known so far for other species of Equisetum, suggesting that ontogenetic processes and structure of characters sporoderm are relatively constant in Equisetum, which implies important diagnostic value in the taxonomy of the group.
Revista de Biologia Tropical
Inhibitors of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase decrease l-3,4-dihidroxifenilalanine (l-DOPA)-induced dyskinesias in rodents. The mechanism of nitric oxide inhibitor action is unknown. The aims of the present study were to investigate the decrease of l-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats by nitric oxide inhibitors following either acute or chronic treatment. The primary findings of this study were that NG-nitro-l-Arginine, an inhibitor of endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase, attenuated AIMs induced by chronic and acute l-DOPA. In contrast, rotational behavior was attenuated only after chronic l-DOPA. The 6-OHDA lesion and the l-DOPA treatment induced a bilateral increase (1.5 times) in the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein and nNOS mRNA in the striatum and in the frontal cortex. There was a parallel increase, bilaterally, of the FosB/ΔFosB, primarily in the ipsilateral striatum. The exception was in the contralateral striatum and the ipsilateral frontal cortex, where chronic l-DOPA treatment induced an increase of approximately 10 times the nNOS mRNA. Our results provided further evidence of an anti-dyskinetic effect of NOS inhibitor. The effect appeared under l-DOPA acute and chronic treatment. The l-DOPA treatment also revealed an over-expression of the neuronal NOS in the frontal cortex and striatum. Our results corroborated findings that l-DOPA-induced rotation differs between acute and chronic treatment. The effect of the NOS inhibitor conceivably relied on the l-DOPA structural modifications in the Parkinsonian brain. Taken together, these data provided a rationale for further evaluation of NOS inhibitors in the treatment of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. © 2011 Padovan-Neto, Echeverry, Chiavegatto and Del-Bel.
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
Aims: To determine the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in Colombian newborns from 19 hospital or maternal child health services from seven different cities of five natural geographic regions (Caribbean, Central, Andean, Amazonia and Eastern). Materials and Methods: We collected 15,333 samples from umbilical cord blood between the period of March 2009 to May 2010 in 19 different hospitals and maternal-child health services from seven different cities. We applied an IgM ELISA assay (Vircell, Spain) to determine the frequency of IgM anti Toxoplasma. The results in blood cord samples were confirmed either by western blot and repeated ELISA IgM assay. In a sub-sample of 1,613 children that were negative by the anti-Toxoplasma IgM assay, the frequency of specific anti-Toxoplasma IgA by the ISAGA assay was determined. All children with positive samples by IgM, IgA, clinical diagnosis or treatment during pregnancy were recalled for confirmatory tests after day 10 of life. Results: 61 positive samples for specific IgM (0.39%) and 9 positives for IgA (0.5%) were found. 143 questionnaires were positive for a clinical diagnosis or treatment for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. 109 out of the 218 children that had some of the criteria for postnatal confirmatory tests were followed. Congenital toxoplasmosis infection was confirmed in 15 children: 7 were symptomatic, and three of them died before the first month of life (20% of lethality). A significant correlation was found between a high incidence of markers for congenital toxoplasmosis and higher mean annual rainfall for the city. Conclusions: Incidence for congenital toxoplasmosis is significantly different between hospitals or maternal child health services from different cities in Colombia. Mean annual rainfall was correlated with incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis. © 2011 Gómez-Marin et al.
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Objective: Findings from several studies have revealed that major depression is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. The physiopathologic mechanisms of this association remain unclear, although recently, it has been hypothesized that a decreased production of nitric oxide could be a potential contributor to vascular dysfunction in depressive patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate nitric oxide production and vascular endothelial function in treatment-naive young healthy adults with a first episode of major depression. Methods: A case-control study in 50 treatment-naive young adults with a first episode of major depression and 50 healthy control subjects was conducted. Plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites (nitrates/nitrites) were determined using a colorimetric assay based on Griess reaction. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated vasodilation measurements after reactive hyperemia. Results: The mean age of the depressed patients was 22.6 (standard deviation [SD], 4.6) years, whereas the controls were 23.4 (SD, 4.8) years. Sixteen men (32%) and 34 women (68%) were included in each group. The plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations were significantly lower in depressive subjects compared with healthy controls (17.5 [SD, 4.9] μmol/L versus 21.6 [SD, 7.0] μmol/L, p < .001); however, flow-mediated vasodilation values were similar in both groups (13.1% [SD, 4.3%] versus 12.1% [SD, 5.0%], p = .10). Conclusions: Decreased plasma concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites are not associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction in young subjects with a first episode of major depression. Reduced nitrate/nitrite levels could reflect a decreased nitric oxide production in the central nervous system of depressed subjects. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Copyright © 2011 by the American Psychosomatic Society.
Psychosomatic Medicine
Background: Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is one of the main causes of mortality and disability in Colombia. The factors associated to a new event in surviving subjects to a first AMI in our population have not yet been fully identified. Methods: Two hundred and ninety five surviving subjects to a first AMI (58.8 ± 12.6 years) were included in a prospective cohort study between 2000 and 2006. Lipid profile, glycemia and plasma insulin levels were measured. Deaths of cardiovascular origin, a new AMI, unstable angina, heart failure, stroke, new myocardial revascularization or angioplasty were considered new cardiovascular events. Results: The study included 61 (20.6%) women and 234 (79.4%) men. The mean follow up time was 50 ± 30 months with a 38.9% incidence of new events. Fifty five patients (18.6%) were diabetic. Bi-varied analysis identified as risk factors for a new cardiovascular event the presence of: hypertension, anterior descending coronary artery stenosis, intrahospital cardiac failure, age over 55, low income, lack of education, Killip III-IV, heart rate over 76 bpm, pulse pressure over 80 mm Hg, total cholesterol over 200 mg/dl and insulin over 10 IU/ml. After logistic regression analysis, the log values of insulin remained as the only significant predictor for new cardiovascular events. Conclusions: Hyperinsulinism was the most important factor associated to the occurrence of new cardiovascular events in Colombian patients with AMI, which emphasizes the pivotal role of insulin resistance in the physiopathologic mechanisms of atherosclerosis, especially in undeveloped countries. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
International Journal of Cardiology
Objective: To investigate whether nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with insulin resistance (IR) in a young Hispanic population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in Bogotá, Colombia, during 2006 in 263 males from the Colombian Air Force (age range 29-54 years). Anthropometric measurements and biochemical determinations (glycemia, lipid profile, insulin, and HOMA-IR) were obtained in order to determine the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) criteria and insulin resistance in this population. In addition, ultrasound studies were performed to evaluate the presence of NAFLD. Results: NAFLD was detected in 26.6% (n= 70) of the subjects. Thirty four individuals had complete MS criteria (48.5%). The presence of NAFLD was associated with higher insulin levels (11.0±5.1 vs. 6.6±3.6, p= 0.001), and its prevalence increased from 11% (n= 8), to 24% (n= 17) to 64% (n= 45) from the lowest to the highest HOMA-IR tertile. Body mass index, triglycerides and subcutaneous and visceral fat were found to be independent predictors of NAFLD. Conclusions: These results suggest that NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance and extrahepatic adiposity in nondiabetic young Hispanic population. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Preventive Medicine
Objective Testing the microbiological quality of food samples from municipalities in the Santander department which were processed by the Public Health Laboratory (PHL) in 2009. Materials and Methods The microbiological quality of food samples sent to the Santander PHL in 2009 was analysed by collecting reports issued by the institution and conducting a statistical analysis of 763 food samples from 76 municipalities in the department. Minitab statistical software (version 15) and Statistica (version 8.0) were used for analysing the information by municipality; this information was organised by food category and adverse incident frequency was analysed in each municipality from January to December 2009. Results It was seen that 45.2 % (n=345) of 763 food records had bacterial contamination; there was a greater frequency of these events in the municipalities of Barichara, Barrancabermeja, Floridablanca, Girón, Socorro and Valle de San Jose accounting for 33.6 % (n=116) of all affected samples. The main foods that had non-standard parameters were prepared foods (160 samples submitted), of which 80 had alterations in quality (50 %), followed by drinks like fruit juice and soft drinks (48.3 %), dairy products (47.9 %) and meat (40.7 %). Conclusions A high rate of food contamination was found in the samples sent to PHL during 2009; this information is useful for planning preventative action within the ongoing PHL surveillance programme.
Revista de Salud Publica
In this paper, we present the results of an evaluation of several chemical products used as acaricides: alpha-cypermethrin Amitraz, Cypermethrin, and Ethion over the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus that affects the double purpose bovines. Tics (Rhipicephalus microplus) were collected in two production units in each County of the Municipality of Colón, in the Zulia State in Venezuela. After a selection of comparable insects, they were immersed in concentrations obtained from the recommended dose and concentration of the acaricides of each active principle. Then, the experiment was followed until the larvaes hatching and the number of death and alive ones larva was counted in each case. The data was analyzed using techniques related to Generalized Linear Models, considering first, binary models of dose-response based on the binomial distribution to model the proportion of death larva for each concentration, using models for each acaricide and, the \"best\" model was selected using the deviances and information criteria, considering the Akaike criteria (AIC) the Pearson χ2, the deviance and a adaptation of the R2 for binomial model. After determining the best performance concentration of each acaricide, it was performed an analysis of contingency tables using a Poisson distribution to compare the effect of the acaricides, using in this case the recommended dose for each product.
Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia
Universidad de Santander UDES. Vigilada Mineducación.
Resolución otorgada por el Ministerio de Educación Nacional: No. 6216 del 22 de diciembre de 2005 / Personería Jurídica 810 de 12/03/96.
Institución sujeta a inspección y vigilancia por el Ministerio de Educación Nacional. Resolución 12220 de 2016.
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